TCP/IP model

TCP/IP model

The TCP/IP model is a layered networking architecture that is used to standardize communication protocols used on the internet. The model consists of four layers, each of which is responsible for a specific aspect of network communication.

Here is a brief overview of each layer:

1. Application Layer: The Application layer is responsible for providing services to end-users, such as email, file transfer, and web browsing. It includes protocols such as HTTP, FTP, SMTP, and DNS.
2. Transport Layer: The Transport layer is responsible for providing end-to-end communication between applications running on different hosts. It ensures reliable delivery of data by dividing data into segments, numbering them, and reassembling them at the receiving end. The most commonly used protocol at this layer is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
3. Internet Layer: The Internet layer is responsible for addressing and routing packets across networks. It uses the Internet Protocol (IP) to provide logical addressing, fragmentation, and reassembly of packets. It also includes protocols such as Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and Address Resolution Protocol (ARP).
4. Network Access Layer: The Network Access layer is responsible for providing physical connectivity between devices on a network. It includes protocols for data transmission over various physical media, such as Ethernet, Wi-Fi, and fiber optic.

Overall, the TCP/IP model provides a standardized framework for the design and implementation of network communication protocols, enabling devices from different manufacturers and vendors to communicate with each other seamlessly over the internet.